The Meru script which is the proto-Indus script known from the symbolic representations among the Harappan seals from the Southeast Asia

The Indus script, also known as the Harappan script, is a corpus of symbols transformed by the Indus Valley Civilisation, but it´s true origin is in hidden among the valleys of eastern Argentina and central Chile in South America. Most inscriptions containing these symbols are extremely short, however they are part of the meru script #Meruscript making its symbols constitute a writing system used to record the as yet unidentified language which we call the Meru language #Merulanguage. Here are some examples:

Above - The Meru script inscription approximately 30 kms NE of the center of modern Mendoza, Argentina. It is a part of the geoartscene which had been built in form of a geoglyph before 40,000 years BP.

By 1977 at least 2,906 inscribed objects with legible inscriptions had been discovered,[19] and by 1992 a total of approx. 4,000 inscribed objects had been found.[7] Indus script symbols have primarily been found on stamp seals, pottery, bronze and copper plates, tools, and weapons.[20] The majority of the textual corpus consists of seals, impressions of such seals, and graffiti markings inscribed on pottery.[21] No extant examples of the Indus script have been found on perishable organic materials like papyrus, paper, textiles, leaves, wood, or bark.[20]

Early Harappan Early examples of the symbol system are found during the Early Harappan period of the Indus civilisation, dated to possibly as early as the 35th century BCE.[22][23] Pottery inscriptions and clay impressions of inscribed Harappan seals have also been found from the Kot Diji phase of the Early Harappan period, dated to c. 2800–2600 BCE.[24]

The first publication of a seal with Harappan symbols dates to 1875 in a drawing by Alexander Cunningham.[6] By 1992 an est. 4,000 inscribed objects had been discovered,[7] some as far afield as Mesopotamia.

And one more proto-Sanskrit example from Peru which pertains to the story of Ramayana, which speaks about the lord Rama and his travel from the modern central Chile towards modern Nicaragua:

¿Existió en la ¨La Fortaleza¨ Sacsayhuaman el altar sacrificial preincaico cuya descripción existe solo en Sánscrito?

En Sacsayhuaman, comúnmente conocida como ¨La Fortaleza¨ u ¨otro templo del Sol¨ (1), muy probablemente existió megalítico altar preincaico ´Agnitraya´, espacio de sacrificios de tres fuegos sagrados. La área sacrificial cuya descripción existe solo en Sánscrito (es una lengua clásica del sur de Asia que pertenece a la rama indo-aria de las lenguas indoeuropeas, que probablamente surgio al finale de la Edad del Bronce (2). La Agnitraya (en sánscrito: 'la tríada de los fuegos' o tretagni - el altar de sacrificio de tres fuegos sagrados (que representan tres caras de Agni, el dios del fuego durante de los tiempos pre-védicos) fue mencionado en Puranas, uno de lo mas antiguos textos conocidos en la cultura humana. Ademas, el épico Mahabharata menciona el altar Agnitraya como el punto de encuentro de los Pandavas y Kauravas (Kurus), los héroes de este venerado epico, y en el épico Ramayana sale una descripcion de lo mismo. Como tal, la Agnitraya tiene una importancia sin igual para muchas culturas en el sur de Asia y los seguidores de la cultura y las tradiciones religiosas en el mundo (como Jainismo, Budismo y otros) (3). El diseño arquitectonico fue dado en el Katyayana Sulba-Sutra, el document escrito hace doscientos años a.C. Las Sulba-sutra explica el diseno geométrico del altar para rituales védicos con el fin de construirlo con precisión; tambien se cree popularmente que el otros textos similares fueron compuestos en el fin de la era védica. De estos, se cree que la Sulbasutra de Baudhayana data del siglo VIII a. C. (autores como Apastamba, Manava, Katyayana, Satyasadha, Hiranyakesin, Vadhula, Varaha y Kathaka también compusieron sulbasutras, aunque aún se desconoce el orden cronológico en el que se compusieron estos textos) (5). Por tanto, la edad de La Fortaleza megalítica en Cuzco podría situarse en algún momento durante o incluso antes del primer milenio a.C .; una evidencia arqueológica confiable y una investigación son necesarias para tomar tal determinación. También esperamos que con mas investigacion archeologica - la fecha de construcción de La Fortaleza Sacsayhuaman ( el siglo XV d.C. comúnmente aceptada actualmente) habría sido reconsiderada. Además, dada la cantidad de escrutinio, análisis, etc. que recibieron las crónicas españolas hasta la fecha, muchos historiadores han expresado en muchas ocasiones dudas o incluso han cuestionado la confiabilidad o el valor científico de la información que brindan estos textos (abundan los errores, discrepancias entre las versiones de las historias existentes y observaciones inconclusas de los cronistas espanoles; ver discusión en textos de C. Julien, J.H.Rowe, M. Ziolkowski, etc. La forma del altar de sacrificios, según el Katyayana Sulba-Sutra, es algo similar a la forma bidimensional de un "tambor" tradicional colocado en un lado llamado Vedi, dentro del cual se encuentran tres áreas de fuego (ver la imagen de Google Earth debajo de un área de aproximadamente 100 m por 200 m). "La Fortaleza" también tiene la forma similar a la del "tambor" sagrado (Vedi en Sanscrito, aprox. dimensiones 200 m por 400 m); Las “torres” individuales se construyo de la siguiente manera: * Garhapatya - conocido como Muyucmarca (los restos de la base de roca de esta torre que tiene tres paredes concéntricas es la única parte visible e identificable de la estructura de Agnitraya ahora; según el Katyayana Sulba-Sutra, el altar de forma circular tenía que ser ubicado en el lado occidental del área sagrada en forma de tambor donde precisamente se puede observar hoy, probablemente fue utilizado por la clase de sacerdotes incas, la mayoría de las excavaciones provienen de esta área y sector de ruinas cercano. (6) * Āhavanīya - conocido como Paucamarca, era un altar con forma cuadrada - los cuatro lados de este cuadrado representaban las cuatro direcciones principales del espacio: norte, sur, este y oeste. El altar āhavanīya tenía que estar ubicado en la parte oriental de la arena de sacrificio védica más grande. Las especificaciones para la construcción, ubicación y uso del āhavanīya se encuentran en el Yajur-veda. (7) * Daksina - conocido como Sallacmarca, era el altar que tenía forma semicircular; según el Katyayana Sulba-Sutra, debería estar orientado hacia el sur; probablemente fue utilizado por la aristocracia y la clase guerrera. (8) No sabemos quien y en que momento ha construido la base megalítica de Sacsayhuaman y las tres torres originales, de los que sobrevive la base de la tore redonda. Proponemos que fue una creación hecha por la cultura aun desconocida preincaica durante el tercer milenium a.C. o antes; proponemos el nombre de cultura Merumaha (el término acuñado por nosotros) que proviene del término ´Monte Meru´ (conocido también como Sumeru, Sineru o Mahāmeru), que significa el centro del Universo (vórtice, axis mundi, etc.) según la cosmología hindú, jainista y budista. La base para el argumento de que Muyucmarca (Garhapatya en sánscrito) era un altar de sacrificio son los siguientes: A. Llanos, L. y Franco Hinojosa, F.M. 1940, pág. 29: El estrato cultural muestra que tanto los restos humanos, la cerámica, el equipamiento funerario y la arquitectura pertenecen al período Inca. Este hallazgo de la tumba U, al igual que la otra tumba K, ponía en la siguiente alternativa: las personas fueron sacrificadas en la construcción de Muyuqmarka o, enterradas por sus méritos en lugar de tanta importancia ”. (6) B. Roberto Samanez A. y el antropólogo Alfredo Valencia Z; Le encomendaron al antropólogo Fidel Ramos Condori (1982, p. 4): ¨Estamos a punto de apuntalar y en ese momento se produjo un deslizamiento de tierra desde la parte superior y dejaron al descubierto los restos de huesos humanos. Una hoja de Aqorasi y otra de tumi se asociaron con dos objetos metálicos ”. Fidel Ramos Condori formuló la hipótesis (en la base de los hallazgos de esqueletos humanos) de que podrían ser entierros preincaicos que se realizaron aprovechando la pendiente natural del talud, antes de la construcción de los baluartes incas y que el acceso abre el las urnas funerarias debían ubicarse hacia el lado norte. Su hipótesis fue apoyada por los antropólogos Arminda Gibaja y el arqueólogo Alfredo Valencia Z., ambos familiarizados con las excavaciones de tumbas en Saqsaywamán. (7) C. La arqueóloga Mónica Paredes García, (2001, p. 35) quien realiza excavaciones arqueológicas en el sub- Sector "C" junto al afloramiento rocoso denominado "huaca", excavando en la plataforma de la ´plataforma I´ en el lado oeste de Muyuqmarka, se encontraron 14 tumbas así como numerosas ofrendas, algunas asociadas con la tumba, y se concluyó que el sector tenía un importancia ceremonial, además, indican que el hecho de que algunas de las tumbas hayan sido asociadas a entierros secundarios. El autor D. Ernesto García C. piensa que las prácticas ceremoniales en esta plataforma son hechos que se puede ver sucediendo desde hace mucho tiempo. (8) Se supone que una mayor investigación arqueológica confirme la existencia de otros dos altares en Sacsayhuaman y que todos estuvieron asociados con rituales sarificiales, de manera similar como se había utilizado el Muyucmarka. Esperamos continuar más investigaciones y tal vez confirmar que todas estas áreas de sacrificio fueron construidas de acuerdo con las reglas de diseño detalladas por Katyayana Sulba-Sutra y otros documentos de sutras, antes de los tiempo de los Incas. No obstante, la guía más importante para confirmar esta tesis es buscar la regla de que tige las tres formas geométricas: el círculo, semicírculo y el cuadrado deben tener la misma área. Esperamos que la evidencia arqueológica confirme la existencia y apunte al uso de un patrón de diseño en estos altares de Agnitraya; mi investigación comparativa apunta en esta dirección. vamos a mostrar que estos altares no solo existían en Qusco, sino en general en Perú (donde el símbolo de Chacana se ha asociado con los rituales más antiguos y diseños resultantes que habían sido ejecutados por la cultura mahameru en la Zona Andina del continente Sudamericano. Ademas, contrario a algunos escépticos que intentan a sugerir que el símbolo de chacana es un invento moderno) queremos a aclarar que su uso es universal en sus formas alternativas en la zona Andina y en otros continentes es conocido bajo de los nombres alternativos (el prospherion, la cruz, la chakana, la swastika, etc.). Habíamos localizado la versión más antigua del altar sacrificial de tamaño colosal en Copiapó, Norte Grande en Chile (2.75 km por 5.5 km largo), así como en otros lugares de Chile, de donde provenían antiguas obras prehistóricas y se introdujeron innovaciones en América del Sur (y hasta el día de hoy no se han investigado ni documentado adecuadamente). Es probable que los marineros de la época védica llegaran a América del Sur antes del primer milenio d.C. y escribió sobre sus experiencias (y también es muy probable que un registro de tal evento se haya perdido para siempre). Al regresar a su puerto en el sur de Asia, escribieron un texto que conocemos por la traducción al inglés desde el siglo XIX; por lo tanto, debo concluir que los términos sánscritos y una descripción de los detalles del Agnitraya, etc. en los textos sánscritos, fueron creados por testigos y no por creadores del Agnitraya. Esperamos que la evidencia arqueológica confirme la existencia y apunte al uso de un patrón de diseño en estos altares de Agnitraya en la Zona Andina del continente; mi investigación comparativa apunta en esta dirección. Inferir que la tradición era parte del patrón cultural desarrollado por los habitantes indígenas alrededor de la fecha oficial de entrada de los asiáticos a las Américas (aproximadamente 24 milenios BPE), podríamos mostrar la existencia de una cultura sofisticada (por ejemplo, la construcción de sistemas de canales, paisaje ritual, pirámides colosales, centros ceremoniales complejos, tradiciones funerarias más antiguas, etc.) con el uso de informes de expertos e investigadores, en muchos centros urbanos y áreas rurales de los actuales Perú, Ecuador, Argentina y Chile (desde de dónde parecen haber venido estas tradiciones). Proponemos llamar a este complejo una cultura Merumaha,

Notes: 1. M.Ziolkowski - El calendario metropolitano del estado Inca - 2015 2. www.wikipedia. org Sanscrito consultado en septiembre 2021 3. www.wikipedia. org Katyayana Sulba-Sutra consultado en septiembre 2021 4. www.wikipedia. org 5. www.wikipedia. org 6. The Sun - Sulbasutras: Indian Texts on Sacred Geometry 2013 7. www.wisdomlib.org consultado en septiembre 2021 8. DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary consultado en septiembre 2021 9. D. ERNESTO GARCÍA CALDERÓN - Saqsaywamán: Revalorización del sitio prehispánico, a través de las investigaciones arqueológicas y etnohistóricas en el sector de Muyuqmarka. Doctoral thesis 2018 10. D. E. Garcia Calderon - Saqsaywaman... 11. D. E. Garcia Calderon - Saqsaywaman...

Was Sacsayhuaman a sacrificial altar of three sacred fires known as Agnitraya in the Vedic texts written in Sanskrit?

In Sacsayhuaman, commonly known as ¨La Fortaleza¨ or ¨other temple of Sun ¨(1), most probably existed the pre-Inca megalithic ruin of the Agnitraya, sacrificial altar of three sacred fires, the area which description existed only in Sanskrit, a classical language of South Asia belnging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages, which arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had difused there from the northwest in the late Bronze Age (accoriding to the definition from the wikipedia. org). Agnitraya (in Sanskrit: ´the triad of fires´ or tretagni - the sacrificial altar of three sacred fires (representing three faces of Agni, the god of fire during pre-Vedic times) was mentioned in Puranas, the epic Ramayana, and was the meating point for heros of the Pandavas and Kurus in the epic Mahabharata, etc. As such has an unequalled importance for many cultures throughout South Asia and the followers of culture and religious traditions in the world (Jain, Buddhism, and others). Its design was given in the Katyayana Sulba-Sutra written two hundred of years BPE.(2) The Sulbasutras deal with geometrical constructions for Vedic rituals at precisely constructed altars, and are popularly believed have been composed at the end of the Vedic age. Of these, Baudhayana's Sulbasutra is believed to date to the 8th century B.C. (authors including Apastamba, Manava, Katyayana,Satyasadha Hiranyakesin, Vadhula, Varaha and Kathaka composed sulbasutras as well, although the chronological order in which these texts were composed remains unknown as yet) (3). Therefore, the age of the megalithic structure could be placed at some point in time during or even before the first millenium b.C.; a reliable archeological evidence and investigation is necessary to make such a determination. We propose that Sacsayhuaman megalithic base and the original Agnitraya towers was a creation of the Merumaha culture (the term coined by us) in the pre-Inca times. The name comes from the term ´Mount Meru´ ( known also as Sumeru, Sineru or Mahāmeru), which is the center of the Universe (vortex, axis mundi) according the Hindu, Jain and Buddhist cosmology (2). We also hope that that 15th century a.D. date of construction of the Sacsayhuaman (currently commonly accepted date) would have been reconsidered after our thesis would had been elaborated by experts at some future point in time. Additionally, given amount of scrutiny, analysis, etc. which the Spanish chronicles received up to date, many historians have often expressed doubt or even have questioned reliabilty or scientific value of the information provided by these texts (errors, discrepancies and inconclusive observations abound; see discussion in texts of C. Julien, J.H.Rowe, M. Ziolkowski, etc. The form of the sacrificial altar, according to the Katyayana Sulba-Sutra, is somewhat similar to the 2D form of a traditional ´drum´ laid on a side called Vedi, within which three fire areas which are located (see google earth image below of an area approx. 100m by 200m). The Vedi (¨La Fortaleza¨) also has the form similar to that of the sacred ¨drum¨ (approx. 200m by 400m); individual ¨towers¨ were built as follows: * Garhapatya — known as Muyucmarca (the remains of the rock foundation of this tower which has three concentric walls is the only visible and identifiable part of the Agnitraya structure now; according to the Katyayana Sulba-Sutra, the circular shaped altar had to be located on the Western side of the sacred ´drum´ shaped area where precisely it can be observed today; it was probably used by the class of Inca priests; most of the excavations come from this area and nearby sector of ruins. (4) * Āhavanīya - known as Paucamarca, was an altar with a square shape - the four sides of this square represented the four major directions of space: north, south, east, and west. The āhavanīya altar had to be located in the eastern portion of the larger Vedic sacrificial arena. Specifications for the construction, location, and use of the āhavanīya are found in the Yajur-veda. (4) * Daksina - known as Sallacmarca, was the altar which had a semi-circular shape; according to the Katyayana Sulba-Sutra it should face the Southern direction; it was probably used by the aristocracy and warrior´class. (5) The basis for the argument that the Muyucmarca (Garhapatya in Sanskrit) were a sacrificial altar are as follows: a. Llanos, L. and Franco Hinojosa, F.M. 1940, p. 29: The cultural stratum shows both the human remains, ceramics, funerary equipment and architecture belong to the Inca period. This finding tomb U, like the other tomb K, put in the following alternative: the¨ people were sacrificed in the construction of Muyuqmarka or, buried for their merits instead of so much importance”. (6) b. Roberto Samanez A. and Anthropologist Alfredo Valencia Z; They entrusted the Anthropologist Fidel Ramos Condori (1982, p. 4): ¨We were about to shore up and at that moment there was a landslide from the upper part and exposed the remains of human bones. A sheet of Aqorasi and another of tumi were associated with two metallic objects ”. Fidel Ramos Condori created the hypothesis (based on the findings of human skeleton) that it could be pre-Inca burials that were carried out taking advantage of the natural slope of the slope, before the construction of the Inca bastions and that the access openings the funeral urns were to be located towards the north side. His hipothesis was supported by anthropologists Arminda Gibaja and the archaeologist Alfredo Valencia Z., both familiar with excavations of tombs in Saqsaywamán. (7) c. Archaeologist Mónica Paredes García, (2001, p. 35) who performs archaeological excavations in the sub. Sector "C" next to the rocky outcrop called "huaca", excavating on the platform of platform I on the west side of Muyuqmarka, found 14 tombs as well as numerous offerings, some associated with the tomb, and concluded that the sector had a ceremonial importance, in addition, they indicate that the fact that some of the tombs have been associated with secondary burials. The author D. Ernesto Garcia C. thinks that the ceremonial practices on this platform are events that have been taking place for long periods of time. (8) We hope that further archeolgical investigation will confirm existance of two other altars in Sacsayhuaman and that they were associated with sarificial rituals, in a similar way in which the Muyucmarka had been used. We are looking forward to do more investigation and perhaps confirmation that all of these sacrificial area were constructed according to the design rules spelled out by Katyayana Sulba-Sutra and other sutras documents. Nontheless, the most important guide to confirm this thesis is to look for the rule that three geometric shapes: circle, semi-circle and a square had to have the same area. We are hoping that the archeological evidence confirms existence and point to use of a design pattern in these the Agnitraya altars in the Andean Zone of the continent; my comparative research is pointing in this directon. we are going to show that these altars not only existed in Qusco, but generally speaking in Peru (where the symbol of Chacana has been associated with the oldest rituals and resultuing designs shich had been executed by the mahameru culture (contrary to some sceptics who try to suggest that this symbol is a modern invention). Finally, we had located the oldest version of the colossal size altar in Copiapo, Norte Grande in Chile, as well as in other locations in Chile, where from many of these ancient pre-historic innovations were introduced in South America (and until today were not propery investigated and documented). It is probable that the Vedic epoch´s sailors reached South America before the first millennium a.D. and wrote about their experiences (and it is also very likely that a record of such an event might have been lost forever). Upon return to their port in South Asia they wrote a text which we know from the English translation since the 19th century; therefore I must conclude that the Sanskrit terms and a description of the Agnitraya´s details, etc. in Sanskrit texts, were created by witnesses and not creators of the Agnitraya. We are hoping that the archeological evidence confirms existence and point to use of a design pattern in these the Agnitraya altars in the Andean Zone of the continent; my comparative research is pointing in this directon. Inferring that the tradition was a part of the cultural pattern developed by the indigenous habitants around the oficial date of entry of Asians to the Americas (approx. 24 milleniums BPE) - we might be able to show existance of a sophisticated culture (e.g. construction of systems of canals, ritual landscape, colossal pyramids, complex ceremonial centers, oldest burial traditions, etc.) with use of reports by experts and researchers, in many urban centers and rural areas in today´s Peru, Ecuador, Argentina and Chile (from where these traditions seem to had come from). We propose to call this complex a Merumaha culture, yet to be identified in its all cultural and technological advancements. In doing so, we only follow the path other researchers who for last two centuries have reported these advancements which marked all remaining six continents as described in Bhavata Purana and Padma Purana (that is Atala, Vitala, Sutala, Talatala, Mahatala, and Rasatala). Hopefully more archeological excavations, Lidar observations, etc. will confirm our thesis. Our correct observations and logically derived conclusions were based on principles used in space archeology, geoarcheology, astroarchaeology, etc., but are necessarily of limited potential in showing that actual conditions conform to our thesis until more data is gathered - therefore, until then, our findings are of an aesthetic nature and do not constitute a proof until further notice.

Notes: 1. M.Ziolkowski - El calendario metropolitano del estdo Inca - 2015 2. www.wikipedia. org Coricancha consulted in september of 2021 3. The Sun - Sulbasutras: Indian Texts on Sacred Geometry 2013 4. www.Wisdomlib.org consulted in september of 2021 5. DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary consulted in september of 2021 6. D. ERNESTO GARCÍA CALDERÓN - Saqsaywamán: Revalorización del sitio prehispánico, a través de las investigaciones arqueológicas y etnohistóricas en el sector de Muyuqmarka. Doctoral thesis 2018 7. D. E. Garcia Calderon - Saqsaywaman... 8. D. E. Garcia Calderon - Saqsaywaman...

Based on Chakana, the sriyantra´s geoglyph and a symbol of a 600 kms diameter could be seen from space near Cordoba, Argentina

The Sriyantra tantric symbol (1) (also called shrichakra ;“wheel of Shri” (2) represented by the geoglyph of 600 km in diameter with the center near Cordoba, Argentina) was etched in the pampas many millenniums before. Its pre-historic age, authorship, purpose, etc. need to be examined since it was created before the writing was used in Egypt or Babilon. The design using lines, canals, ponds, water tanks, etc. which were created at least 40.000 years ago (before last glaciation period). The detailed field inspection by multi-disciplinary team of specialists is necessary to answer some fundamental questions about its origin, age, resaons for its creation, etc. The Sriyantra's 9 constituent triangles vary in size and shape and intersect to form 43 smaller triangles, organized in 5 concentric levels. Together they represent the totality of the cosmos and express Advaita (non-duality) for a meditating follower (3). Early descriptions of Sriyantra exist only in the Vedic tradition, in the oldest text coming to us form the Indus Valley culture. In Brahmavidya (Adyar Library) Subhash Kak argues that the description of Sri Yantra is identical to the yantra described in the Śvetāśvatara Upanisad (3) in 6th century b.C. (4); its earliest version was written in Sanskrit, was translated later into Arabic, and only in the middle of the 19th century it surfaced in major European languages).

author: C.H.Dabrowski
source: @IVarsovienne via Google Earth

In the Shri Vidya school of Hindu tantra, the Sri Yantra (Sanskrit "sacred instrument") is a diagram formed by nine interlocking triangles that surround and radiate out from the central point. 

source: www.sriyantraresearch.com

It represents the goddess in her form of Shri Lalita or Tripura Sundari, "the beauty of the three worlds (Heaven, Earth, Hell)". The worship of the Sri Chakra is central to the Shri Vidya system of Hindu worship and is probably the most famous visual image in all of Hindu Tantric tradition. Its literature and practice is perhaps more systematic than that of any other Shakta sect (4). Four isosceles triangles with the apices upwards, representing Shiva (masculine energy) and five isosceles triangles with the apices downward, symbolizing Shakti (feminine energy) are balanced. Its design composed of nine triangles is also known as the Navayoni Chakra. (5)

source:www.sriyantraresearch.com

to see more details see the theme @IVarsovienne blog or  @IVarsovienne.edu FB

Notes:

1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shri_Yantra Accessed 31 May 2021.                           

2) Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Yantra". Encyclopedia Britannica, 26 Nov. 2003, https://www.britannica.com/topic/yantra. Accessed 6 June 2021.

3) https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shri-yantra Accessed 31 May 2021.               

4) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shri_Yantra Accessed 31 May 2021. 

5) https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shri-yantra Accessed 31 May 2021.                                                                                    6) https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shrividya Accessed 31 May 2021.