¿Existió en la ¨La Fortaleza¨ Sacsayhuaman el altar sacrificial preincaico cuya descripción existe solo en Sánscrito?

En Sacsayhuaman, comúnmente conocida como ¨La Fortaleza¨ u ¨otro templo del Sol¨ (1), muy probablemente existió megalítico altar preincaico ´Agnitraya´, espacio de sacrificios de tres fuegos sagrados. La área sacrificial cuya descripción existe solo en Sánscrito (es una lengua clásica del sur de Asia que pertenece a la rama indo-aria de las lenguas indoeuropeas, que probablamente surgio al finale de la Edad del Bronce (2). La Agnitraya (en sánscrito: 'la tríada de los fuegos' o tretagni - el altar de sacrificio de tres fuegos sagrados (que representan tres caras de Agni, el dios del fuego durante de los tiempos pre-védicos) fue mencionado en Puranas, uno de lo mas antiguos textos conocidos en la cultura humana. Ademas, el épico Mahabharata menciona el altar Agnitraya como el punto de encuentro de los Pandavas y Kauravas (Kurus), los héroes de este venerado epico, y en el épico Ramayana sale una descripcion de lo mismo. Como tal, la Agnitraya tiene una importancia sin igual para muchas culturas en el sur de Asia y los seguidores de la cultura y las tradiciones religiosas en el mundo (como Jainismo, Budismo y otros) (3). El diseño arquitectonico fue dado en el Katyayana Sulba-Sutra, el document escrito hace doscientos años a.C. Las Sulba-sutra explica el diseno geométrico del altar para rituales védicos con el fin de construirlo con precisión; tambien se cree popularmente que el otros textos similares fueron compuestos en el fin de la era védica. De estos, se cree que la Sulbasutra de Baudhayana data del siglo VIII a. C. (autores como Apastamba, Manava, Katyayana, Satyasadha, Hiranyakesin, Vadhula, Varaha y Kathaka también compusieron sulbasutras, aunque aún se desconoce el orden cronológico en el que se compusieron estos textos) (5). Por tanto, la edad de La Fortaleza megalítica en Cuzco podría situarse en algún momento durante o incluso antes del primer milenio a.C .; una evidencia arqueológica confiable y una investigación son necesarias para tomar tal determinación. También esperamos que con mas investigacion archeologica - la fecha de construcción de La Fortaleza Sacsayhuaman ( el siglo XV d.C. comúnmente aceptada actualmente) habría sido reconsiderada. Además, dada la cantidad de escrutinio, análisis, etc. que recibieron las crónicas españolas hasta la fecha, muchos historiadores han expresado en muchas ocasiones dudas o incluso han cuestionado la confiabilidad o el valor científico de la información que brindan estos textos (abundan los errores, discrepancias entre las versiones de las historias existentes y observaciones inconclusas de los cronistas espanoles; ver discusión en textos de C. Julien, J.H.Rowe, M. Ziolkowski, etc. La forma del altar de sacrificios, según el Katyayana Sulba-Sutra, es algo similar a la forma bidimensional de un "tambor" tradicional colocado en un lado llamado Vedi, dentro del cual se encuentran tres áreas de fuego (ver la imagen de Google Earth debajo de un área de aproximadamente 100 m por 200 m). "La Fortaleza" también tiene la forma similar a la del "tambor" sagrado (Vedi en Sanscrito, aprox. dimensiones 200 m por 400 m); Las “torres” individuales se construyo de la siguiente manera: * Garhapatya - conocido como Muyucmarca (los restos de la base de roca de esta torre que tiene tres paredes concéntricas es la única parte visible e identificable de la estructura de Agnitraya ahora; según el Katyayana Sulba-Sutra, el altar de forma circular tenía que ser ubicado en el lado occidental del área sagrada en forma de tambor donde precisamente se puede observar hoy, probablemente fue utilizado por la clase de sacerdotes incas, la mayoría de las excavaciones provienen de esta área y sector de ruinas cercano. (6) * Āhavanīya - conocido como Paucamarca, era un altar con forma cuadrada - los cuatro lados de este cuadrado representaban las cuatro direcciones principales del espacio: norte, sur, este y oeste. El altar āhavanīya tenía que estar ubicado en la parte oriental de la arena de sacrificio védica más grande. Las especificaciones para la construcción, ubicación y uso del āhavanīya se encuentran en el Yajur-veda. (7) * Daksina - conocido como Sallacmarca, era el altar que tenía forma semicircular; según el Katyayana Sulba-Sutra, debería estar orientado hacia el sur; probablemente fue utilizado por la aristocracia y la clase guerrera. (8) No sabemos quien y en que momento ha construido la base megalítica de Sacsayhuaman y las tres torres originales, de los que sobrevive la base de la tore redonda. Proponemos que fue una creación hecha por la cultura aun desconocida preincaica durante el tercer milenium a.C. o antes; proponemos el nombre de cultura Merumaha (el término acuñado por nosotros) que proviene del término ´Monte Meru´ (conocido también como Sumeru, Sineru o Mahāmeru), que significa el centro del Universo (vórtice, axis mundi, etc.) según la cosmología hindú, jainista y budista. La base para el argumento de que Muyucmarca (Garhapatya en sánscrito) era un altar de sacrificio son los siguientes: A. Llanos, L. y Franco Hinojosa, F.M. 1940, pág. 29: El estrato cultural muestra que tanto los restos humanos, la cerámica, el equipamiento funerario y la arquitectura pertenecen al período Inca. Este hallazgo de la tumba U, al igual que la otra tumba K, ponía en la siguiente alternativa: las personas fueron sacrificadas en la construcción de Muyuqmarka o, enterradas por sus méritos en lugar de tanta importancia ”. (6) B. Roberto Samanez A. y el antropólogo Alfredo Valencia Z; Le encomendaron al antropólogo Fidel Ramos Condori (1982, p. 4): ¨Estamos a punto de apuntalar y en ese momento se produjo un deslizamiento de tierra desde la parte superior y dejaron al descubierto los restos de huesos humanos. Una hoja de Aqorasi y otra de tumi se asociaron con dos objetos metálicos ”. Fidel Ramos Condori formuló la hipótesis (en la base de los hallazgos de esqueletos humanos) de que podrían ser entierros preincaicos que se realizaron aprovechando la pendiente natural del talud, antes de la construcción de los baluartes incas y que el acceso abre el las urnas funerarias debían ubicarse hacia el lado norte. Su hipótesis fue apoyada por los antropólogos Arminda Gibaja y el arqueólogo Alfredo Valencia Z., ambos familiarizados con las excavaciones de tumbas en Saqsaywamán. (7) C. La arqueóloga Mónica Paredes García, (2001, p. 35) quien realiza excavaciones arqueológicas en el sub- Sector "C" junto al afloramiento rocoso denominado "huaca", excavando en la plataforma de la ´plataforma I´ en el lado oeste de Muyuqmarka, se encontraron 14 tumbas así como numerosas ofrendas, algunas asociadas con la tumba, y se concluyó que el sector tenía un importancia ceremonial, además, indican que el hecho de que algunas de las tumbas hayan sido asociadas a entierros secundarios. El autor D. Ernesto García C. piensa que las prácticas ceremoniales en esta plataforma son hechos que se puede ver sucediendo desde hace mucho tiempo. (8) Se supone que una mayor investigación arqueológica confirme la existencia de otros dos altares en Sacsayhuaman y que todos estuvieron asociados con rituales sarificiales, de manera similar como se había utilizado el Muyucmarka. Esperamos continuar más investigaciones y tal vez confirmar que todas estas áreas de sacrificio fueron construidas de acuerdo con las reglas de diseño detalladas por Katyayana Sulba-Sutra y otros documentos de sutras, antes de los tiempo de los Incas. No obstante, la guía más importante para confirmar esta tesis es buscar la regla de que tige las tres formas geométricas: el círculo, semicírculo y el cuadrado deben tener la misma área. Esperamos que la evidencia arqueológica confirme la existencia y apunte al uso de un patrón de diseño en estos altares de Agnitraya; mi investigación comparativa apunta en esta dirección. vamos a mostrar que estos altares no solo existían en Qusco, sino en general en Perú (donde el símbolo de Chacana se ha asociado con los rituales más antiguos y diseños resultantes que habían sido ejecutados por la cultura mahameru en la Zona Andina del continente Sudamericano. Ademas, contrario a algunos escépticos que intentan a sugerir que el símbolo de chacana es un invento moderno) queremos a aclarar que su uso es universal en sus formas alternativas en la zona Andina y en otros continentes es conocido bajo de los nombres alternativos (el prospherion, la cruz, la chakana, la swastika, etc.). Habíamos localizado la versión más antigua del altar sacrificial de tamaño colosal en Copiapó, Norte Grande en Chile (2.75 km por 5.5 km largo), así como en otros lugares de Chile, de donde provenían antiguas obras prehistóricas y se introdujeron innovaciones en América del Sur (y hasta el día de hoy no se han investigado ni documentado adecuadamente). Es probable que los marineros de la época védica llegaran a América del Sur antes del primer milenio d.C. y escribió sobre sus experiencias (y también es muy probable que un registro de tal evento se haya perdido para siempre). Al regresar a su puerto en el sur de Asia, escribieron un texto que conocemos por la traducción al inglés desde el siglo XIX; por lo tanto, debo concluir que los términos sánscritos y una descripción de los detalles del Agnitraya, etc. en los textos sánscritos, fueron creados por testigos y no por creadores del Agnitraya. Esperamos que la evidencia arqueológica confirme la existencia y apunte al uso de un patrón de diseño en estos altares de Agnitraya en la Zona Andina del continente; mi investigación comparativa apunta en esta dirección. Inferir que la tradición era parte del patrón cultural desarrollado por los habitantes indígenas alrededor de la fecha oficial de entrada de los asiáticos a las Américas (aproximadamente 24 milenios BPE), podríamos mostrar la existencia de una cultura sofisticada (por ejemplo, la construcción de sistemas de canales, paisaje ritual, pirámides colosales, centros ceremoniales complejos, tradiciones funerarias más antiguas, etc.) con el uso de informes de expertos e investigadores, en muchos centros urbanos y áreas rurales de los actuales Perú, Ecuador, Argentina y Chile (desde de dónde parecen haber venido estas tradiciones). Proponemos llamar a este complejo una cultura Merumaha,

Notes: 1. M.Ziolkowski - El calendario metropolitano del estado Inca - 2015 2. www.wikipedia. org Sanscrito consultado en septiembre 2021 3. www.wikipedia. org Katyayana Sulba-Sutra consultado en septiembre 2021 4. www.wikipedia. org 5. www.wikipedia. org 6. The Sun - Sulbasutras: Indian Texts on Sacred Geometry 2013 7. www.wisdomlib.org consultado en septiembre 2021 8. DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary consultado en septiembre 2021 9. D. ERNESTO GARCÍA CALDERÓN - Saqsaywamán: Revalorización del sitio prehispánico, a través de las investigaciones arqueológicas y etnohistóricas en el sector de Muyuqmarka. Doctoral thesis 2018 10. D. E. Garcia Calderon - Saqsaywaman... 11. D. E. Garcia Calderon - Saqsaywaman...

Existed a sacrificial fire altar in the first temple of the Sun, Coricancha in Cuzco? was it described in Sanskrit text dated to the 2nd century BCE?

The form of the area where the Santo Domingo church has been built on the top of the Qoricancha (House of the Sun, Koricancha, Waricancha, Coricancha, Qurikancha) has a striking resemblance to the form of an sacrificial altar Agnitraya (according to the Katyayana Sulba-Sutra from approx. 2nd century BCE). The shape described there is somewhat similar to the 2D form of a traditional drum laid on the side; usualy three fire areas were built in the area as described in the text written in Sanskrit, and they were probably in existance inside of the sacred ¨drum¨ shaped area before arrival of the Pizzaro`s troops; they might have been removed by the Incas before 1530, as there is no Spanish record which would point to their existance after the year 1530. We are pointing to the strinking resemblance of the ´drum´ like form of the Fort (La Fortaleza) Sacsayhuaman, and we are calling attention of the researchers to identify the fire altar areas should they had existed in the ruins of the Coricancha. The text in Sanskrit refers to three areas: *Garhapatya — rock foundation of this structure according to the Katyayana Sulba-Sutra had to be located on the Western side of the sacred area (Devi) where the St. Augustin church had been located; it was probably used by the class of Inca priests. *Āhavanīya - was an altar with a square shape - the four sides of this square represented the four major directions of space: north, south, east, and west. The āhavanīya altar had to be located in the eastern portion of the larger Vedic sacrificial arena. Specifications for the construction, location, and use of the āhavanīya are found also in the Yajur-veda, one of the oldest Vedic texts. *Daksina - was the altar which had a semi-circular shape; according to the Katyayana Sulba-Sutra it should face the Southern direction with its abside-like shaped wall ; it was probably used by the aristocracy and warrior´class. Iglesia del Santo Domingo, its foundation and details, are rooted to the first Andean cultures such as Tiahuanaco (e.g. stones found there show the technique of locking ashlar blocks by means of bronze connectors), a constructive detail which suggests even an older archaeological horizon. Ballón says “(…) it goes back to the founding of Cusco by Manco Cápac[...] whobuilt possibly on the ruins of a pre-Inca construction, called according to some chroniclers, Waricancha ” (see the illustration from the article below). The basis for the argument that the ..... www.wikipedia. org Coricancha Dr. Chávez Ballón 07-Transformaciones “The Temple of the Sun or Qorikancha” 2015 www.Wisdomlib.org DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary D. ERNESTO GARCÍA CALDERÓN - Saqsaywamán: Revalorización del sitio prehispánico, a través de las investigaciones arqueológicas y etnohistóricas en el sector de Muyuqmarka. Doctoral thesis 2018

Was Sacsayhuaman a sacrificial altar of three sacred fires known as Agnitraya in the Vedic texts written in Sanskrit?

In Sacsayhuaman, commonly known as ¨La Fortaleza¨ or ¨other temple of Sun ¨(1), most probably existed the pre-Inca megalithic ruin of the Agnitraya, sacrificial altar of three sacred fires, the area which description existed only in Sanskrit, a classical language of South Asia belnging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages, which arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had difused there from the northwest in the late Bronze Age (accoriding to the definition from the wikipedia. org). Agnitraya (in Sanskrit: ´the triad of fires´ or tretagni - the sacrificial altar of three sacred fires (representing three faces of Agni, the god of fire during pre-Vedic times) was mentioned in Puranas, the epic Ramayana, and was the meating point for heros of the Pandavas and Kurus in the epic Mahabharata, etc. As such has an unequalled importance for many cultures throughout South Asia and the followers of culture and religious traditions in the world (Jain, Buddhism, and others). Its design was given in the Katyayana Sulba-Sutra written two hundred of years BPE.(2) The Sulbasutras deal with geometrical constructions for Vedic rituals at precisely constructed altars, and are popularly believed have been composed at the end of the Vedic age. Of these, Baudhayana's Sulbasutra is believed to date to the 8th century B.C. (authors including Apastamba, Manava, Katyayana,Satyasadha Hiranyakesin, Vadhula, Varaha and Kathaka composed sulbasutras as well, although the chronological order in which these texts were composed remains unknown as yet) (3). Therefore, the age of the megalithic structure could be placed at some point in time during or even before the first millenium b.C.; a reliable archeological evidence and investigation is necessary to make such a determination. We propose that Sacsayhuaman megalithic base and the original Agnitraya towers was a creation of the Merumaha culture (the term coined by us) in the pre-Inca times. The name comes from the term ´Mount Meru´ ( known also as Sumeru, Sineru or Mahāmeru), which is the center of the Universe (vortex, axis mundi) according the Hindu, Jain and Buddhist cosmology (2). We also hope that that 15th century a.D. date of construction of the Sacsayhuaman (currently commonly accepted date) would have been reconsidered after our thesis would had been elaborated by experts at some future point in time. Additionally, given amount of scrutiny, analysis, etc. which the Spanish chronicles received up to date, many historians have often expressed doubt or even have questioned reliabilty or scientific value of the information provided by these texts (errors, discrepancies and inconclusive observations abound; see discussion in texts of C. Julien, J.H.Rowe, M. Ziolkowski, etc. The form of the sacrificial altar, according to the Katyayana Sulba-Sutra, is somewhat similar to the 2D form of a traditional ´drum´ laid on a side called Vedi, within which three fire areas which are located (see google earth image below of an area approx. 100m by 200m). The Vedi (¨La Fortaleza¨) also has the form similar to that of the sacred ¨drum¨ (approx. 200m by 400m); individual ¨towers¨ were built as follows: * Garhapatya — known as Muyucmarca (the remains of the rock foundation of this tower which has three concentric walls is the only visible and identifiable part of the Agnitraya structure now; according to the Katyayana Sulba-Sutra, the circular shaped altar had to be located on the Western side of the sacred ´drum´ shaped area where precisely it can be observed today; it was probably used by the class of Inca priests; most of the excavations come from this area and nearby sector of ruins. (4) * Āhavanīya - known as Paucamarca, was an altar with a square shape - the four sides of this square represented the four major directions of space: north, south, east, and west. The āhavanīya altar had to be located in the eastern portion of the larger Vedic sacrificial arena. Specifications for the construction, location, and use of the āhavanīya are found in the Yajur-veda. (4) * Daksina - known as Sallacmarca, was the altar which had a semi-circular shape; according to the Katyayana Sulba-Sutra it should face the Southern direction; it was probably used by the aristocracy and warrior´class. (5) The basis for the argument that the Muyucmarca (Garhapatya in Sanskrit) were a sacrificial altar are as follows: a. Llanos, L. and Franco Hinojosa, F.M. 1940, p. 29: The cultural stratum shows both the human remains, ceramics, funerary equipment and architecture belong to the Inca period. This finding tomb U, like the other tomb K, put in the following alternative: the¨ people were sacrificed in the construction of Muyuqmarka or, buried for their merits instead of so much importance”. (6) b. Roberto Samanez A. and Anthropologist Alfredo Valencia Z; They entrusted the Anthropologist Fidel Ramos Condori (1982, p. 4): ¨We were about to shore up and at that moment there was a landslide from the upper part and exposed the remains of human bones. A sheet of Aqorasi and another of tumi were associated with two metallic objects ”. Fidel Ramos Condori created the hypothesis (based on the findings of human skeleton) that it could be pre-Inca burials that were carried out taking advantage of the natural slope of the slope, before the construction of the Inca bastions and that the access openings the funeral urns were to be located towards the north side. His hipothesis was supported by anthropologists Arminda Gibaja and the archaeologist Alfredo Valencia Z., both familiar with excavations of tombs in Saqsaywamán. (7) c. Archaeologist Mónica Paredes García, (2001, p. 35) who performs archaeological excavations in the sub. Sector "C" next to the rocky outcrop called "huaca", excavating on the platform of platform I on the west side of Muyuqmarka, found 14 tombs as well as numerous offerings, some associated with the tomb, and concluded that the sector had a ceremonial importance, in addition, they indicate that the fact that some of the tombs have been associated with secondary burials. The author D. Ernesto Garcia C. thinks that the ceremonial practices on this platform are events that have been taking place for long periods of time. (8) We hope that further archeolgical investigation will confirm existance of two other altars in Sacsayhuaman and that they were associated with sarificial rituals, in a similar way in which the Muyucmarka had been used. We are looking forward to do more investigation and perhaps confirmation that all of these sacrificial area were constructed according to the design rules spelled out by Katyayana Sulba-Sutra and other sutras documents. Nontheless, the most important guide to confirm this thesis is to look for the rule that three geometric shapes: circle, semi-circle and a square had to have the same area. We are hoping that the archeological evidence confirms existence and point to use of a design pattern in these the Agnitraya altars in the Andean Zone of the continent; my comparative research is pointing in this directon. we are going to show that these altars not only existed in Qusco, but generally speaking in Peru (where the symbol of Chacana has been associated with the oldest rituals and resultuing designs shich had been executed by the mahameru culture (contrary to some sceptics who try to suggest that this symbol is a modern invention). Finally, we had located the oldest version of the colossal size altar in Copiapo, Norte Grande in Chile, as well as in other locations in Chile, where from many of these ancient pre-historic innovations were introduced in South America (and until today were not propery investigated and documented). It is probable that the Vedic epoch´s sailors reached South America before the first millennium a.D. and wrote about their experiences (and it is also very likely that a record of such an event might have been lost forever). Upon return to their port in South Asia they wrote a text which we know from the English translation since the 19th century; therefore I must conclude that the Sanskrit terms and a description of the Agnitraya´s details, etc. in Sanskrit texts, were created by witnesses and not creators of the Agnitraya. We are hoping that the archeological evidence confirms existence and point to use of a design pattern in these the Agnitraya altars in the Andean Zone of the continent; my comparative research is pointing in this directon. Inferring that the tradition was a part of the cultural pattern developed by the indigenous habitants around the oficial date of entry of Asians to the Americas (approx. 24 milleniums BPE) - we might be able to show existance of a sophisticated culture (e.g. construction of systems of canals, ritual landscape, colossal pyramids, complex ceremonial centers, oldest burial traditions, etc.) with use of reports by experts and researchers, in many urban centers and rural areas in today´s Peru, Ecuador, Argentina and Chile (from where these traditions seem to had come from). We propose to call this complex a Merumaha culture, yet to be identified in its all cultural and technological advancements. In doing so, we only follow the path other researchers who for last two centuries have reported these advancements which marked all remaining six continents as described in Bhavata Purana and Padma Purana (that is Atala, Vitala, Sutala, Talatala, Mahatala, and Rasatala). Hopefully more archeological excavations, Lidar observations, etc. will confirm our thesis. Our correct observations and logically derived conclusions were based on principles used in space archeology, geoarcheology, astroarchaeology, etc., but are necessarily of limited potential in showing that actual conditions conform to our thesis until more data is gathered - therefore, until then, our findings are of an aesthetic nature and do not constitute a proof until further notice.

Notes: 1. M.Ziolkowski - El calendario metropolitano del estdo Inca - 2015 2. www.wikipedia. org Coricancha consulted in september of 2021 3. The Sun - Sulbasutras: Indian Texts on Sacred Geometry 2013 4. www.Wisdomlib.org consulted in september of 2021 5. DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary consulted in september of 2021 6. D. ERNESTO GARCÍA CALDERÓN - Saqsaywamán: Revalorización del sitio prehispánico, a través de las investigaciones arqueológicas y etnohistóricas en el sector de Muyuqmarka. Doctoral thesis 2018 7. D. E. Garcia Calderon - Saqsaywaman... 8. D. E. Garcia Calderon - Saqsaywaman...

New book by prof. Janusz Z. Woloszyn titled Enemy - Stranger - Neighbour: The Image of the Other in Moche Culture was just published by Archaeopress Pre-Columbian Archeology

https://www.academia.edu/49072810/Enemy_Stranger_Neighbour_The_Image_of_the_Other_in_Moche_Culture?fbclid=IwAR0F9l7iy502UBe0VIRGcZJipqkMlaaJLlctuhvH0ZsaFxLNHIkjCslVvEc

History of Heracles, the first South American and his Twelve Labors in the world

Farnese Heracles,  Roman marble statue on the basis                                                                 of an original by Lysippos 216 CE source: wikipedia

 

Heracles is best known for his 12 labors which represent his work of repayment for the murder in Thebes where Heracles married King Creon’s daughter, Megara, and in fit of madness (caused by vengeful Hera) he killed his children and wife. 

 The Oracle of Delphi, where he looked for guidance, manipulated by Hera, directed Heracles to serve King Eurystheus for ten years and perform any task his cousin required of him. Eurystheus gave Heracles ten labors each to be accomplished every year, but  Heracles was cheated by Eurystheus who added two labors extra as follows:                                                                                

1. Slay the Nemean Lion (S. America: Chile)                                                             2. Slay the nine-headed Lernaean Hydra (Asia: Japan).                                           3. Capture the Golden Hind of Artemis (Europa: Poland)                                           4. Capture the Erymanthian Boar (Europa: Spain)                                                     5. Clean the Augean stables in a single day (Africa: Marocco)                                               6. Slay the Stymphalian Birds (Africa: Mauretania)                                                              7. Capture the Cretan Bull (Africa: bottom of the Atlantic Ocean in the international waters section of the Ocean)                                                                    8. Steal the Mares of Diomedes (S. America & Antarctica: details will follow)                                                   9. Obtain the girdle of Hippolyta, Queen of the Amazons (S. America: Brasil)        10. Obtain the cattle of the monster Geryon (S. America: Chile and Argentina)                             11. Steal the apples of the Hesperides (S. America: Chile and Argentina)                            12. Capture and bring back Cerberus (Oceania: Hawaii, state of the USA)

Bibliografia:

https://Hellenism.net Accessed 8 June 2021 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceryneian_Hind

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology

Colossal geoglyph in form of a Neanderthal mother with her baby could be seen from space only near London, Great Britain

@IVarsovienne

Based on Chakana, the sriyantra´s geoglyph and a symbol of a 600 kms diameter could be seen from space near Cordoba, Argentina

The Sriyantra tantric symbol (1) (also called shrichakra ;“wheel of Shri” (2) represented by the geoglyph of 600 km in diameter with the center near Cordoba, Argentina) was etched in the pampas many millenniums before. Its pre-historic age, authorship, purpose, etc. need to be examined since it was created before the writing was used in Egypt or Babilon. The design using lines, canals, ponds, water tanks, etc. which were created at least 40.000 years ago (before last glaciation period). The detailed field inspection by multi-disciplinary team of specialists is necessary to answer some fundamental questions about its origin, age, resaons for its creation, etc. The Sriyantra's 9 constituent triangles vary in size and shape and intersect to form 43 smaller triangles, organized in 5 concentric levels. Together they represent the totality of the cosmos and express Advaita (non-duality) for a meditating follower (3). Early descriptions of Sriyantra exist only in the Vedic tradition, in the oldest text coming to us form the Indus Valley culture. In Brahmavidya (Adyar Library) Subhash Kak argues that the description of Sri Yantra is identical to the yantra described in the Śvetāśvatara Upanisad (3) in 6th century b.C. (4); its earliest version was written in Sanskrit, was translated later into Arabic, and only in the middle of the 19th century it surfaced in major European languages).

author: C.H.Dabrowski
source: @IVarsovienne via Google Earth

In the Shri Vidya school of Hindu tantra, the Sri Yantra (Sanskrit "sacred instrument") is a diagram formed by nine interlocking triangles that surround and radiate out from the central point. 

source: www.sriyantraresearch.com

It represents the goddess in her form of Shri Lalita or Tripura Sundari, "the beauty of the three worlds (Heaven, Earth, Hell)". The worship of the Sri Chakra is central to the Shri Vidya system of Hindu worship and is probably the most famous visual image in all of Hindu Tantric tradition. Its literature and practice is perhaps more systematic than that of any other Shakta sect (4). Four isosceles triangles with the apices upwards, representing Shiva (masculine energy) and five isosceles triangles with the apices downward, symbolizing Shakti (feminine energy) are balanced. Its design composed of nine triangles is also known as the Navayoni Chakra. (5)

source:www.sriyantraresearch.com

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Notes:

1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shri_Yantra Accessed 31 May 2021.                           

2) Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Yantra". Encyclopedia Britannica, 26 Nov. 2003, https://www.britannica.com/topic/yantra. Accessed 6 June 2021.

3) https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shri-yantra Accessed 31 May 2021.               

4) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shri_Yantra Accessed 31 May 2021. 

5) https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shri-yantra Accessed 31 May 2021.                                                                                    6) https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shrividya Accessed 31 May 2021.

Chakana is the Andean cultures´s symbol based on the Sriyantra

Chakana is the popular element of the life and traditional designs in the life of many Andean cultures. 

Chakana also served as the calendar and guide to important agricultural events ie sowing,   etc.

Where possibly does the inspiration for this form come from? 

We think that Chakana is derived from the base of the Lingam, which is represented in the form of Sriyantra.  We associate this form made of 43 triangles with the Hindu tradition, but  it has been used in the Indus Valley culture, and appeared even earlier, probably as early as in the Sumerian iconography. 

The first document referring to the form of Chakana is the freehand drawn image in the manuscript of Pachacuti Yamqui dated in 1613. This form resembling the cross represents the idea of  the genesis of the world Andean (executed on sheet of gold in the Coricancha temple in Cusco). This document has many interpretations which have been deduced  from it (Pachacuti Yamqui [1613], 1993: 208; Milla Villena, 1983)

  

Representación de la idea de génesis de Joan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui (1613). Fuente: Milla Villena (1983 [1613]: 232); y Milla Euribe (1990: 10)

 

The constellation Chakana or “Southern Cross” is understood as an orienting compass seen in the sky of the southern hemisphere of the globe, the Pacha in quechua. This constellation is always pointing towards the south pole and, therefore, providing - night to night - orientation throughout the year. 

The speculative idea that the amautas  (quechua - wise men), priests-astronomers and pre-Columbian architects “were lowering” the stars from the sky reflecting them in water mirrors, was not necessary to understand the form.  Focusing on  two lines, of different lengths, which only together make up the cross. On this basis, they built a square whose sides correspond to the short line and the diagonal to the long line— and then a polyvalent matrix that they in turn called Chakana.32 Thus, the Chakana was transformed —in its expression as a polyvalent matrix— into the guiding axis of high Andean culture (Fig. 1 and 6) .33 In this way, it is: “[…] represents this mystery of the universal chakana which builds between the living and the inert, between the feminine and the masculine, between the past and the future ”(Estermann, 2008: 228). 

 

Lets take a look at the recently renovated chullpas from Bolivia, they show two rhombus with series of triangles at the perimeter - and we will compare this with the synthesized design of the Sri yantra on the right. 

 

sources: Leonora Arriagada Peters Avatars of Form in the Space-time Pacha 2020

Milla Villena, Carlos (1983). Génesis de la cultura andina. Lima: Colegio de Arquitectos

Lake Titicaca Hydraulic Civilization (43,000 - 12,900 BP) introduction

Results from the Jebel Irhoud site dating (a pre-modern phase in H.Sapiens evolution re: C.Stringer & J. Galway 2017) are confirming our theory that approx. 40,000 yrs ago in the vicinity of the the Lake Titicaca had begun a process on a large scale, during which concentrated and multilevel human activities took place, resulting in the creation of the Lake Titicaca Hydraulic Civilization (LTHC).

This process lasted until approx. 12,900 BP which corresponds to the Younger Dryas event, and it was then when catastrophic floods had changed drastically human conditions and a pattern of human existence in South and North America.

Initial phase was related to the extensive mining activities which were carried on for several thousands of years on a gigantic scale, and of which the final purpose we do not understand at this point. With depletion of important metallic minerals, the Mining Phase (approx. 40,000-21,000 BP) wained and was followed by the second Limited Phase (21,000-15,000 BP), during which the abandoned mines and degraded sites were slowly being adapted for the agricultural use. Corresponding climatic change forced new patters of behavior in the dryer and less friendly conditions, resulting the transition to the third Agricultural phase (17,000 - 12,900 BP), more known and important for our understanding of the global history , during which local population multiplied and created an extensive system of andenes and during which important ceremonial centers in Pucara and Tiwanaku were built. An extensive earthwork was carried out leading to create remote large water reservoirs (eg. Acmanuncocha, Laguna Sumbila, etc.) connected with surface canals, and alternatively with dugout ´rivers´ and perhaps complemented by ´dugout and cover´ underground puquis; unusually large coastal works re-shaped the Lake Arapa; evidence of aqueducts did not surfaced at this point, but we are not excluding their existence. This phase has been treated in more detail by other researchers.

see:  Karl August Wittfogel (1896–1988), in his book Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power (1957)

Atla-n-tis, the legendary continent which almost completely disappeared in 12th century b.C. in the Indian Ocean is also called Mauritia....

The mythical continent which almost disappeared around 1200 b.C., and was the original home to the Sea People who invaded Egypt and the kingdoms of the Mediterranean Sea according to the Instituto Varsovienne - was called Mauritia.  

Atlantida, the earth of the Atla-s like creatures who lived on the Pacific Ocean coast of both North and South America. They were responsible for construction of the first pyramids (coastal areas of Chile and Peru) and their advanced technology were transported to Africa and Asia first. From islands of Japon and Western Africa they colonized the rest of the continents, finally reaching Europe.

When Plato spoke of the events which led to the disappearance of the Atlantic about a 1000 years before him, he was referring to the aftermath of the cataclysm which has mobilize the survivors of the gigantic floods and tsunamis the land of Amer-ians who came from todays North and South America.

Mauritia (Lemuria) was hypothesized as a land bridge, now sunken, which would account for certain discontinuities in biogeography.

The north wall of Medinet Habu is often used to illustrate the Egyptian campaign against the Sea Peoples (the Sea Peoples was first described by Emanuell de Rouge in 1855) what has come to be known as the Battle of Delta.  wikipedia

Medinet Habu Second Pylon, showing wide view and a close-up sketch of the left-hand side relief in which Amon, with Mut behind him, extends a sword to Rameses III who is leading three lines of prisoners. wikipedia

Between 190,000 - 60,000 years ago two groups of survivors of the gigantic tsunami which swept continental coasts of the Pacific Ocean, existed:

1.) the Eastern group which crossed Patagonia (Chilean/Argentina), sailed across the ocean and settled the Atlantic coast of Africa (1), but did not stop there until  finally they colonized the Mauritia, creating there the powerful civilization. Subsequently, from Mauritia they colonized all coasts of the Indian Ocean and were responsible for creation of the Indus Valley and Babylonian cultures. Their advanced technology and  the writing system allowed them to invade the portions of Asia and Egypt after 1200 a.C. and within 600 years they blended into the existing populations. 

2.) the Western group which from the Eastern Island travelled through the remaining Oceania islands to Japan first, then through Western Siberia to the Altai mountains in Siberia where the remains of the Denisova hominin were found. 

Mauritia was a Precambrian microcontinent that was situated between India and Madagascar until their separation about 70 million years ago. Mauritia separated itself from Indian subcontinent about 60 million years ago and further fragmented into a ribbon-like structure as the mid-ocean ridge jumped several times. The jumps of the mid-ocean ridge are thought to have been caused of its interaction with the Réunion hotspot as it passed under the West margin of the Indian continent and then under Mauritia. Presently the fragments of Mauritia include Laccadives–Maldives–Chagos Ridge, Nazareth Bank, Saya de Malha Bank, Hawkins Bank, islands of Réunion and Mauritius, where the continual crust is buried under basaltic lavas of the Réunion hotspot.  

wikipedia A. Early Cretaceous, B. Late Cretaceous, C. Paleocene, D. present day (right/below)

see also Chris Stringer´s 2017 article on 317834005_On_the_origin_of_our_species

notes: 

(1) In 1870 biologist Ernst Haeckel stated that Mauritia/Lemuria could be the ancestral home of mankind ; doing so he shifted the scope of geology/zoogeography theory into the realm of the contemporary issue of the origin of man, ensuring the theory's popularity outside of the framework of the scientific community

Scientists unlock the 'Cosmos' on the Antikythera Mechanism, the world's first computer

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Antikythera Mechanism discovered in the 19th century off the coast of Island Antikythera

The Twenty Four Histories

The Twenty-Four Histories (Chinese: 二十四史; pinyin: Èrshísì Shǐ; Wade–Giles: Erh-shih-szu shih), also known as the Orthodox Histories (Chinese: 正史; pinyin: Zhèngshǐ), are the Chinese official historical books covering a period from 3000 BC to the Ming dynasty in the 17th century.

The Han dynasty official Sima Qian established many of the conventions of the genre, but the form was not fixed until much later. Starting with the Tang dynasty, each dynasty established an official office to write the history of its predecessor using official court records. As fixed and edited in the Qing dynasty, the whole set contains 3213 volumes and about 40 million words. It is considered one of the most important sources on Chinese history and culture.^[1]

The title "Twenty-Four Histories" dates from 1775 which was the 40th year in the reign of the Qianlong Emperor. This was when the last volume, the History of Ming was reworked and a complete set of the histories produced.

These works were begun by one historian and completed by an heir, usually of the next generation.

• Records of the Grand Historian, inherited from Sima Tan 司馬談 (father) by Sima Qian 司馬遷 (son)
• Book of Han, inherited from Ban Biao 班彪 (father), Ban Gu (son) by Ban Zhao 班昭 (daughter/sister)
• Book of Liang and Book of Chen, inherited from Yao Cha 姚察 (father) by Yao Silian 姚思廉 (son)
• Book of Northern Qi, inherited from Li Delin 李德林 (father) by Li Baiyao 李百藥 (son)
• History of the Southern Dynasties and History of the Northern Dynasties, inherited from Li Dashi 李大師 (father) by Li Yanshou 李延壽 (son)                                                                                                          source: wikipedia

The settlement from the 8th millenium b.C. in Sechin Bajo is forcing the complete revision of the early American history

61076841-Del-arcaico-tardio-al-formativo-temprano-las-investigaciones-en-sechin-bajo-valle-de-casma.html

The Staff God, the god of the Chavin de Huantar, Peru and Tiwanaku, Bolivia most likely is the Greek mortal/demi-god Triptolemus according to the Instituto Varsovienne

The identity of the Staff God, the god who was venerated in the ceremonial center of the Chavin de Huantar, Peru and also was depicted on the Gate of Sun in Tiwanaku, Bolivia ceremonial center, as well he was portrayed in the Raimondi´s Stella as the holder of two scepters (images 1 & 2), presented real mystery to archeologists and anthropologists for over 100 year until now.

Based on oral local stories, Viracocha appears first in the chronic of Juan de Betanzos,  Suma y narración de los incas (1550) as the teacher of agriculture and civilization to the tribes living around the Lake Titicaca.  Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa in his chronicle of 1572 affirms that according to the natives Viracocha, at the time of his departure towards the western direction from the Puertoviejo, Peru   announced that they should not follow false prophets since he would soon send his messengers back. When Spaniards returned to the coast of Peru, they thought that he was returning to them after a long wait. 

He has been identified as the Greek mortal Triptolemus (also Triptolemos) by the Institute Varsovienne, after painstaking study and trips to Bolivia, Peru, Greece and important museum collections in the world. 

According to one version of the Greek mythology, his parents were Oceanus and Gaia, the most important chthonic gods residing in the Mount Olympus (also identified with the Mount Meru, in the IV´s study); however other later accounts often diminish his noble heritage, and he often was linked with other parentage.

He was taught the art of agriculture by Demeter, the Greek goddess of agriculture, grain and bread, whose residence was the Mount Olympus (in Greek version, but it is the Mount Meru in the original version of the myth and that is why he originated from the coastal area of the Peruvian Pacific Ocean ) according to mythology ´Triptolemus she supplied with seed—corn, a wooden plough, and a chariot drawn by serpents; and sent him all over the world to teach mankind the art of agriculture´(R. Graves) .  For his work in spreading the art of agriculture he gained a status of the Demi-god in Greece, the title of Viracocha in Peru, and the God of in Bolivia according to many studies undertaken during the last century.

In South America he is also known as the Staff God (or Viracocha by Incas) and has been portrayed in the Gate of Sun in Tiwanaku, Bolivia (image 3):

He left South America for Africa, traveled to Elefsina, Greece, where he participated in the Eleusinian Mysteries.

Triptolemus was portrayed as a beautiful youth with a diadem on his brow. He rode a winged snake-drawn carriage and in his hands were a plate of grain, ears of barley & wheat, and a scepter. He reached lands of Scythians, where the king Lyncos (Lynkus) slew one of his birds/dragons and drove the hero away. Demeter has changed the king into a lynx and has denied the gift of agriculture to Scythians.

One of many stories about Triptolemus is told by Pausanias, Description of Greece 7. 18. 2 :

"When Triptolemos came from Attika, he [Eumelos of Patrai (Patrae) in Akhaia (Achaea)] received from him cultivated corn, and, learning how to found a city, named it Aroe from the tilling of the soil. It is said that Triptolemos once fell asleep, and that then Antheias, the son of Eumelos, yoked the Drakones (Dragons) to the car of Triptolemos and tried to sow the seed himself. But Antheias fell off the car and was killed, and so Triptolemos and Eumelos together founded a city, and called it Antheia after the son of Eumelos."

Bibliography: R. Graves Greek Mythology, ferrebeekeeper.wordpress.com, wikipedia.org, theoi.com, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology

photos: wikipedia.org, ferrebeekeeper blog, British Museum