INDIA - LOS ORIGINES muy importante e interesante video para nosotros y las culturas de la America del Sur

https://youtu.be/XeM4vguFSmI

Kultura Chinchorro

Kultura Chinchorro - dr Patrycja Przadka-Giersz

Instytut Archeologii - Uniwersytet Warszawski

12 czerwca 2013

Kultura Chinchorro rozwineła sie w północnym Chile na Atakamie. Jej reprezentanci produkowali narzedzia kamienne, a osady połozone było blisko linii brzegowej. Społecznosc zwiazana była z eksploatacja zasobów morskich. Kamienne i kosciane narzedzia oraz plecionki z bawełny słuzyły jako sieci, do połowów ryb. Jest to pierwszy znany przykład udomowienia bawełny i jej gospodarczego wykorzystania. Kultura znana jest z pierwszych intencjonalnych mumifikacji przeprowadzanych około roku 5000 p.n.e.

Szczytowy rozwój tej kultury nastapił około roku 3000 p.n.e. Z kregu Chinchorro pochodzi 49 odnalezionych intencjonalnie wytworzonych mumii oraz wiele mumii naturalnych. Stanowiskami tej kultury sa m.in. El Morro i Camarones. W Camarones, 100 km południe od Arica, znaleziono mumie dziecka z około roku 3000 p.n.e.

Chinchorro wytworzyli trzy style mumifikacji – czarny, czerwony i styl powlekania błotem. Styl czarny funkcjonował w latach 5000-2500 p.n.e. Czarna barwa pochodziła od manganu, którym pokrywano mumie, zwłaszcza w przypadku mumii dzieci, które zachowywały skóre. Około roku 2500 p.n.e. zaczeło brakowac manganu i styl czarny wyszedł z uzytku. Pojawił sie kolejny styl – styl czerwony, który charakteryzował mumie z okresu 2500-2000 p.n.e. 

Inna cecha wyrózniajaca styl czerwony była maska z uwydatnionymi, zagłebionymi otworami. Otwory na usta i oczy były lekko otwarte, co sprawiało wrazenie czujnosci i niepokoju. Mumie przypominały przedstawienia osób przerazonych. Stylizacja masek moze miec zwiazek z kultem przodków oraz zwyczajem przemawiania przez przodków w trakcie uroczystosci, który był kultywowany w czasach Inków.

Ostatnim stylem mumii kultury Chinchorro były mumie pokrywane glina. Artysci przestali wtedy usuwac narzady z ciał zmarłych, a mumie pokrywane były gruba warstwa gliny i piachu. Glina mocowała mumie do miejsca pochówku. Zwyczaj ten trwał 200 lat, az do upadku kultury Chinchorro. Mumie czarne i czerwone wystawiano na pokaz i wysyłano w podróze, a mumie pokrywane glina były chowane w ziemi. Moze miec to zwiazek z potencjalnym rozwojem chorób.

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Enigma of the Nazca Lines 1

 The Code of Carl Munck: The Ancient Geomatria of Numbers

The ancient sites around the world are very precisely positioned on a global coordinate system in relation to the position of the Great Pyramid at Giza. The positions of the sites are given in the geometry of their construction. A very ancient system of numbers was used in the system, which we will call "Gematria." Gematrian numbers are found in ancient myths and religions, including the Bible. Gematrian numbers were used in systems of weights and measures by ancient peoples, including the Greeks, the Egyptians, the Persians, the Babylonians and the Romans.

The Code system uses mathematical constants, such as pi and the radian. The system also uses conventions that are still in use, such as the 360 degree circle, 60 minute degree, 60 second minute, the base-ten numbering system, the 12-inch foot, and the 5280-foot mile. The ancient Mayans used Gematrian numbers in their very accurate timekeeping. The Nazca Line ground markings "locate themselves" on The Code Matrix System.

The Great Pyramid is in the center of the equidistant azimuthal projection above left, and the circle is 7,685 miles away. In addition to Nazca and Teotihuacan, several other major ancient sites in the Americas are very close to the alignment of this circle, including Tula and Cholula in the Valley of Mexico; Monte Alban and Mitla in Oaxaca; and Tucume, Chan Chan, Moche, Sechin, Caral, Marcahuasi, Pachacamac and Tambo Colorado along coastal Peru. This same circle is projected above right, from the perspective of the other axis point for this circle (the Great Pyramid's antipodal point in the South Pacific Ocean) and from there, the circle is 4,750 miles away. The ratio between the distance from every one of these sites to the Great Pyramid, and from every one of these sites to the antipodal point of the Great Pyramid, approximates φ within a margin of error of less than two tenths of one percent:

Geoglyphology - new science with a great promise

 

In the field of Geoglyphology, we are plotting lines in a spherical world and then displaying the results on a flat plane. It is difficult to grasp the concept of combining Spherical Geometry with Plane Geometry. That is why the new field of Geoglyphology could not have been proposed without the advent of software that computes using Spherical Geometry which then displays the results on a flat plane.

This type of precise mapping precludes the plotting of these bearings on a flat map. Maps become distorted when converted from a sphere to a flat map. Any lines that are depicted  on a flat, non-satellite map were first plotted using the software and then drawn on the flat map after the end points were determined. Even then, the proper curvature is missing.

What knowledge did the Ancient possess, 12,000 years ago or before, which allowed them to do precise calculations to establish cardinal points separated by thousands of miles? 

contribution: D. Cunningham

Geoglyphology in the Qhapaq Nan - new science with big possibilities of discovering the past

Since the 2009 I have been researching the Qhapaq Nan, the well known concept of the Inca Road System developed initially by John Hyslop in the end of 1980's. In 1990 he published an Inka Settlement Planning book which redefined the idea of describing & re-discovering the territory planned and formed by the Tiwantinsuyu culture on the canvas of a much more ancient territorial system. Whom did this system served and what centres outside the Inca controlled territory were linked? Why?

Since there were no direct answers, I begun measuring the progress of various groups along the True Road (Lajo 2000) and its relationship with the Nazca Lines and other urban & natural landmarks. The cardinal directions established by outer walls of buildings (ceremonial centres, axis of pyramids, etc.) were pointing to much larger territory, often pertaining to overlapping areas controlled by various cultures during centuries and millenniums. 

Need to develop charts and maps of reference point systems which had to do with penetration of the South American continent by different human groups traveling along well laid out & painstakingly measured patterns in their exploration from the coast of Ecuador (Valdivia & Paijin culture) on the SE way towards the Porto Alegre,  Brazil became clear.

 

Ancient archeological locations, many previously unknown, were identified through Geoglyphology. The accuracy of the calculations of the ancient peoples is incredible. The GPS accuracy of the software program is seldom more accurate than the line system developed by the Ancient. By calculating the bearing at the source one can follow the extended radial for sometimes thousands of miles and locate a related glyph with little or no error. 

The percentage of success in locating a verifiable glyph or ancient location using each of the extended radials of any one glyph was variable, but ran in the range of 75% to 100%. Much of the lack of success was attributed to urbanization, overgrowth, vandalism, etc.. Surprisingly, based on the glyphs that we found, there seems to be an incredible amount of precise information built into them.  Influence of meteorological conditions (erosion, etc.), seismic & man made interventions need to be considered in studying glyphs (made of stone, earth & water canals, etc.).

 credits to: J. Hass, T. Pozorski, P. Cunningham, A.D.Faram, Lajo & others